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Talliyin n uce aε
(usenti) ineslem
I-Tallit
n yizen:
d
tallit idder Umazzan fell-As ta allit
n  ebbi d slam-Is
seg-mi d-ittuceyyeε, u d yiwet ger talliyin n uce eε
yesεan azal d ameqran, imi izarafen n tceεit
di tallit-a ttrusun-d s ubrid n lwa y
(Leqran d Sunna).
Tallit n yizen
teb a γef snat n tiγsar (lmaail):
a)
Taγsert Tamekkit:
d tallit yekka Umazzan fell-as taallit n
ebbi d slam-is di Mekka ijebden mraw ssin (12) n iseggasen d semmus (5) n
wayuren d mraw kra (13) n wussan.
Lway di tallit-a iwehha tamuγli-s
γer ubeggen n tir al (l-uul)
n usγan d usiwel
γur-s, d
unza s tigin n wayen ilhan d ugdal n wayen n
diri. Ma d ayen icudden
γer izarafen n tallilt (el akam el εamaliyya),
ad d-naf belli drus mavi i d-immeslay fell-asen, u di cwi -nni d-immeslay,
di tugett-is ur d-iwwi ara awal s ttfaûil maca ihde-ed kan (fell-asen) s
wudem amatu.
b) Taγsert Tamadanit:
d tallit ikka Wucbi fell-as
taallit n
ebbi d slam-is di
Lmadina (seld tinigt/ lhiğa) iuen
γef teγzi n ta (9) n iseggasen d ta
(9) n wayuren d ta (9) n wussan.
Di tallit-a ibda lway isrusu-d isuvaf s ttfail ilmend n
useddu n tudert n inselmen, imi imir i ibda uwanek (ddula) ineslem
ittebdad γef iaen-is, u iwağğ, akken ad ikker, isuaf ara d-ibegnen
assaγen ger iterrasen-is (el afad-is), d wassaγen ger-as d iγlan nnien…u
i tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy n waεaben, iea
Lislam tikti n uwanek, u iεell atefar n useged (auεu) n ugellid, inna-d
ebbi sebanu: «A widan
ifelsen segedet ( uεet)
Allah u segedet Amazzan d wid iîfen deg-wen adabu…»
[An-Nisa-e/59].u inna-d fell-as taallit n
ebbi d slam-is: (win
i-y-isegeden (i-y-i uεen)
ataniseged Allah, u win i-y-inmehrin (i-y-iεuûan)
atan inmehri Allah, u win iuεen ageldun (bab n udabu) atan iuε-iyi, u
win iεu an ageldun atan iεua-y-i).
Si tama nnien ad d-naf belli Lislam iga tilisa i udabu n
uwanek s urei n ttawil n usesten (umcawe), i
γef d-inna
ebbi sebanu
deg wawal-Is: «…ttemsestanen (ttemcawa en) wa
ger-asen γef temsal-nsen…»[Ac-Cu a/38].,
u inna-d daγen: «…cawe-iten di temsalt…»
[Al Σiman/159].,
u yusa-d deg umeslay n Wucbi fell-as taallit n
ebbi d slam-Is: (asem es
d useged d azref ma illa ur d-inzi ara (s tigin) n
ubekka, imi ma illa
inze-ed s (tigin) n
ubekka atan ulac asemes u ulac aseged).
Akken daγen i issawel Lislam
γer lğihad deg ubrid n Allah,
u igdel anekcum (γer tmura) s wudem d-ittilin di tallit send Lislam, u iεemmed
rad n usegdel mgal atεeddi, akken iaem timenγiwt
n igerdan, tilawin d imγaren, u igdel timenγiwt n irgazen n ddin…
Гer tama n waya, isers-ed Lislam izarafen n twacult, ama
deg ayen icudden γer: zwağ, berru, aεeggec, tukkest,
aqirri n tlelliwin i wumi iεell ilugan sent-ilaqen…
1.
Isentiten n uce eε
di tallit-agi:
Tallit-agi n yizen ur tesεi ara asenti nnien menγir lway,
d ayen d-iwekked Leqran mi d-inna
ebbi sebanu: «ayen
si d-ittentaq ur s-t-i-d-ittmal ara uramsu-is, maca ayenni d lwa y
d-ittuwean (ur illi ara d ayen nnien)» [An-Nağm/
3-4],
u inna-d daγen: «…u nuzen-d
fell-Ak adlis d asenεet
u d ttbut i yal taγγawsa…»[An-Na l/
89]..
Amazzan fell-as taallit n
ebbi d
slam-is ittwanze-ed s snat n tγawsiwin:
si tama ittwanze s
usiwe n lway deg wawal-Is sebanu: «A
y Amazzan! Siwev ayen d-ittwaznen fell-Ak sγur
n Ugellid-Ik, u ma illa ur tgi ara ayenni ( u-k ihi) belli ur tessawe
ara izen-Is…» [Al Ma-ida/
67].
si tama nnien
ittwanze s ubeggen-is, d ayen ara naεqel
deg wawal-Is sebanu: «…u
nuzen-ed fell-Ak ddikr (Leqran) akken ad tesnaεte
u ad tbegne i imdanen ayen d-ittwaznen fel-asen…»[An-Nal/
44].
2. Tarrayt n ucaeε
di tallit-agi:
Asrusu n izarafen
di tallit-a illa-d γef
kra n tarrayin:
Tamezwarut:
eu n tedyant:
Ger izarafen d-ittwaznen sebba n tedyanin d-iran:
Ayen d-yusan deg wawal-Is sebanu: «ur
ttaγet ara timesttekkiyin alamma felsent, u (êûut belli) ar taklitt
tafelsant xiô n temsttekkit xas ma tehwa-awen…»[Al Baqara/
221].
Afyir-agi iubb-ed sebba n yiwen n ineslem igemnen ad yaγ yiwet n
temsttekkit, u iqqen zwağ-is
γer uqbal n
Wucbi fell-As taallit n
ebbi d
slam-Is, u asmi s-inna yuzen-ed
ebbi sebanu afyir-agi.
Arnu
γer-s ayen d-ittusawen
γef ĞĞabir
Ibnu Σabd Allah d akken inna-d: tewwi-d tmeut n
Saεd Ibn A-abiε snat n issis
γer Umazzan fell-As taallit n
ebbi d
slam-Is u tenna-as: [A y Amazzan n Allah, tigi d
issi-s n Saεd Ibn
A- abiε, immut baba-tsent d ameγras asmi iffeγ yid-K di U ud, u εemm-nsent
iwwi-asent cci-nsent u ur sent-iğği ara adrim, u zwağ-nsent ur d-ittili
ara bla adrim], dγa
inna-as (f.t.s): (d
 ebbi ara tt-i-d-ifrun),
dγa iubb-ed ufyir n tukkest, dγa iceyyeε fell-As taallit d slam i εemm-nsent
u inna-as: (efk i
yessi-s n
Saεd
sin imuren
γef kra, u efk i imma-tsent amur wis
 am (8) u ayen d-igran
atan inek).
Tis snat:
asteqsi:
Ger izarafen d-yusan d tiririt
γef isteqsiyen ad d-naf:
Si leqran:
awal-Is sebanu:
«la K-steqsayen
d acu i sen-ittwaellen, ini (asen) ttwaellent-awen t idanin…»[Al Ma-ida/ 4.];
«la K-steqsayen
γef wayuren mi ara lalen, ini (asen) aguren-agi ttağğan imdanen ad smivnen
akud ak d liğ…» [Al Baqara/
189]
«la
K-steqsayen
γef idurar, ini ad ten-isebruzzeε
Ugellid-Iw am wakkiw» [ aHa/
105]
«la K-steqsayen
d acu ara fken, ini ayen tefkam seg wayen ilhan i imawlan-nwen, wid
iqeben, igujilen,
imeγban d umsebrid. S-kra n walluγ ar ad tgem atan
Allah ia-t» [Al Baqara/ 215.
«la K-steqsayen
γef cab ak d unabal (leqmar), ini (asen) (wigi) deg-sen
abekka d ameqran
ak d ibaγuren i imdanen, u abekka-nsen yugar abaγur-nsen. La K-steqsayen
d acu ara efken, ini (asen) efket seg wayen izaden
γef wassar-nwen…» [Al Baqara/
219]
Si Sunna:
Ayen d-ittusawen
γef akken kra n
uaba fell-asen asgiwen n Allah steqsan Umazzan fell-As taallit n
ebbi d
slam-Is u nnan-as: [mi ara ncarreg ilel, nettawi yid-neγ aman n tissit,
maca ur γ-i-d-ttqiddin ara akken ad d-nxell yis-sen, ma illa nezmer ad
netwe i s waman n yilel?], dγa inna-asen: (ilel:
zeddig-it waman-is u ittusuref i wučči uγersiw-is immuten).
Issawe-ed Lbuxari ak d
Muslim γef Σa-ica d akken
Hind tenna: [A y Amazzan n
ebbi! Abu Sufyan d
aqajma, u ur
yi-d-ittak ara i nek d warraw-iw ala ayen d-ttekseγ seg idrimen-is s tufra],
dγa inna-as fell-As taallit n
ebbi d slam-Is: (ekkes-ed
ayen ara kem-iqadden kem ak d warraw-im s tin ilhan).
Tis kra:
asrusu n izarafen bla ma cudden
γer kra n tedyant iran neγ
γer kra n
usteqsi: u ger izarafen-agi: ayen d-yusan deg wawal-Is sebanu:
«A widan ifelsen, ma tekrem
γer
tallit sirdet udmawen-nwen d ifassen-nwen ar
tiγemma, u sefet
γef
iqerra-nwen ak d-iaen-nwen ar
tkeεba…»
[Al Ma-ida/ 6].
«A
widan ifelsen, ittuferred-ed fell-awen uéummu akken i d-ittuferre
γef wid
i ken-izwaren akken ad tesεum
tuqa» [Al Baqara/ 183.]
Arnu γer wanecta mea izarafen nnien iεnan
tawacult d kra n wid icudden
γer
tfeggurt...
3.
Taskanin n ucaeε
di tallit-agi:
I: Acaeε
s
usfari (yiwet yiwet):
Llant snat n tewsitin n usfari:
♦ Asfari akudan: ibγan ad d-yini belli izarafen iceεiyen
ur d-ttusersen ara γef tikkelt, maca iu uceeε-nsen
γef teγzi n tallit
n yizen, d ayen ara negzu ugar mi ara neu belli:
-I n l-isa-e, uqbel tinigt s useggas
tettuferred-ed tallit;
-Deg useggas amenzu n l-hiğa (tinigt)
ittuceeε-ed usiwel
γer tallit (ladan), akken d-ittuceeε daγen umennuγ
deg ubrid n
ebbi, bla ma netu izuraf iεnan zwağ: am
tuččit d imensi (tameγra);
-Deg useggas wis sin ittuceeε-ed
uummu, taallit n lεid tameyant d lεid tameqrant, timezla n yixef ass n
lεid ameqran, ajeddel n lqebla si Lquds
γer Mekka, akken i
ttwaellen deg useggas-a iglaf (lγellat) i imjuhad;
-Deg useggas wis uku: ittuferred-ed
liğ
♦ Asfari deg uceeε n yiwen seg izarafen: u amedya-is:
-Ta allit:
di tazwara ttuceεent-ed kan snat n tilla (tin n
tebit d tin n tmeddit), sin akin ttuferredent-ed semmus (5) n tilla ger
yiv d wass;
-Zzakat:
di tazwara illa usufeγ n zzakat icudd
γer lebγi n walebεa,
u yarnu ur d-ittusbeggen ara deg-s la lqidar n cci i
γef d-iwwi ad
tettusufeγ fell-as (nniab) u la acal d-iwwi ad ittusufeγ
γef nniab-nni,
sin akin tuγal tettuferred-ed s wudem iddan ak d tewsitin n cci-ilan:
lmal, adrim, uu...,u iban-ed nniab-is d lqidar ara ittusufγen deg-s;
-Aaem n unar (rriba):
di tazwara ibeggen-ed
ebbi sebanu belli anar ulac deg-s lbaaka u belli
ur ittnarni ara, imi d-inna deg wawal-Is: «...kra
n wayen ara tefkem (s) unar akken ad tesnarnim (cci-nwen) s idrimen n
imdanen atan ur ittnarni ara
γer Allah»[A-um/
39].,
sin akin ibeggen-ed
ebbi sebanu belli anar d
taankit, u belli iaem
γef Lyahud tiidanin illan ttwaellent-asen sebba imi tetten anar I
γef
illa inhaten yakan, inna-d sebanu:
«γef tmentilt n urukkid (ulm) n Lyahud naem fell-asen
a as n tidanin (uččiten) illan ttwaellent-asen,
u
γef sebba daγen imi
qarεen
(iman-nsen) d waas (n imdanen)
γef ubrid n
 ebbi, d tufa n
una illan
ittwagdel fell-asen d wučči n idrimen n imdanen bla udem n leq...»[An-Nisa-e/ 160].
Umbaεd igdel anar s yir udem-nni
illan mucaε ger imdanen, imi d-inna sebanu: «A
widan ifelsen ur tettet ara ana (rriba)
(γef irealen-nwen trelem) ara
ittnernin deg useggas
γer
waye alamma ifti (ureal-nni), u agadet Allah
akken ad tγeltem…» [Al Σiman/
130],
sin akin ieem-it s mea tiwsitin-is, inna-d
ebbi sebanu: «Wid
itetten ana ur d-ttenkaren ara (seg iekwan) ala am akken d-ittenkar win
izdeγ Ccian, (tamentilt n) waya imi s-ennan belli tanzut am
una, maca
Allah isuref tanzut u iaem ana …» [Al Baqara/ 275].
-Aaem n cab:
di tazwara ijbed-ed Leqran lwelha
γer uεezze
n cab, γas ma ur d-ibeggen ara ayenni εinani, u aya
deg awal-Is sebanu: «u seg igumma n tezdayin ak d
turin, tettekkesem-d deg-sen ameswi ittsekkien ak d rrezq ilhan…» [An-Nal/
67]. umbaεd yuzen-d
ebbi senanu awal-Is: «
la K-steqsayen
γef cab d uawel (leqmar), ini deg-sen ibekkaen d
imeqranen, (si tama nnien) sεan
ibuγa i imdanen, maca ibekkaen-nsen ugaren ibuγa-nsen…»
[Al Baqara/ 219.,
s wakka yusa-d ufyir-agi i ubeddel n tnefsiyin n ifelsanen i illan uqbel
aya ğaεlen belli tissit n cab d amerkid, u uγalen
seg-mi d-ters laya-agi ttwalin belli tissit n cab ur telli ara d
amerkidan, u belli ibekkaen-is
γelben ibuγar-is, d ayen iğan kra n
inselmen ad
ebsen tissit n cab ma d
wiyi kemlen deg-s. Sin akin yuγal
cab ittwaeem di kra n wakuden kan, imi d-inna
ebbi sebanu deg wawal-Is:
«A widan ifelsen
ur
tt-qarribet ara taallit u kunwi d isekanen…» [An-Nisa-e/
43].,
u aya akken ad daεnen wid t-inummen ad t-eğğen kra
kra. Asmi d-yuzen
ebbi sebanu awal-Is: «A
widan ifelsen (ut belli) cab, aawel, idumam ak d tesγar si ttkacafen d
ayen icemten u ur nemεin
mai, (wigi) kečmen-d di lexdayem n Ccian, ihi baεdet
fell-asen akken ad tγeltem, imi Ccian ibγa kan ad d-iseγli ger-awen tiεeddawit
d lekuhegga s ubrid n cab ak d uawel, u ittnadi ad ken-iqarreε
γef
ubdar n Allah akk d tallit, ihi! Ma ad t-ebsem?» [Al Ma-ida/
90- 91],
dagi yuγal cab ittuaem.
II: Tuksa n uγilif:
Taskant-agi d tin
γ-d-ittbanen deg waas
n ifiyar n Leqran d irisen n Sunna, ger-sen:
a)
Si Leqran: awal-Is
sebanu:
«…ur
wen-iεell ara (Allah) deg usγan (nwen) ka n uγilif…»[Al
 ağğ/
78]
«…ur
ibγi ara Allah ad ken-yerr di
iq, lamaεna ibγa ad
ken-isizdeg u akken ad isemdu imlaγen-Is fell-awen akken ad T-tesnammerem» [Al Ma-ida/ 6].
«ibγa-awen
Allah lfessa u
ur wen-ibγi ara cedda…»
[Al Baqara/ 185]
«ibγa Allah ad isifess fell-awen, u
ittuseγnew-ed umdan d alwayan…» [An-Nisa-e/ 28]
«ur
ittεebbi Allah I tnefsit ala ayen I wumi tezmer…» [Al Baqara/
286].
b)
Seg insayen n
wasar (nbi): ger wayen d-inna (f.t.s): (sifset,
ur tt-ttcuddut ara),
u yusa-d ttbut di tikli (es-sira) -is belli yal mi ara ittusefren ger snat
n temsal ad ifren tin illan d tafessast, ma illa wayen akken i deg tella
tefses ur illi ara d abekka.
III: Aseγli (assitem):
Ifka-d Ccix: Muammad Al Xuri Bik tabadut n ussitem
(nnasx) deg wawal-is: [assitem: yuzel useqdec-is ger imusnawen
γef sin n
inumak:
Amezwaru:
tuksa n uzaraf d-iddan deg uris izrin s uzaraf nnien d-yusan deg uris
d-yusan seld-is: u amedya-is d ayen d-yusan deg umeslay n Wucbi fell-As
taallit n
ebbi d slam-Is:
(lliγ nhiγ-ken
γef
trza γef tmelin ma d tura zuret-ttent), s wakka ad d-naf belli aris amezwaru igdel tirza n
temqebrin, u yusa-d uris wis sin akken ad ikkes agdal-nni s uğewwez-is;
Wis sin:
tuksa n wudem amatu n uris izrin d tuqna n wayen d-yusan deg-s d amagdaz,
u amedya-is d ayen d-yusan deg wawal-Is sebanu di tsuett n Tfunast
(Al Baqara): «
Tid ibran iwwi-d fell-asent ad qqiment deg ixamen-nsent (ad
ğunt) krad n
lquru-e…»
[Al Baqara/ 228].,
sin akin inna-d di tsuett n ikabaren: «A
widan ifelsen, ma tuγem tifelsanin, sin akin tebram-asent uqbel ma ad
tkecmem yis-sent, atan ulac fell-asent ka n tallit n uağu (lεedda)
ara tesminem…»
[Al Azab/
49].,
imi aris amezwaru yusa-d d amatu: izdi-d uzaraf-is tid si kecmen
irgazen-nsent d tid si ur kcimen ara, ma d aris wis sin yusa-d akken ad
yefk i tid iεeqden si ur kcimen ara irgazen-nsent
yiwen n uzaraf d amazlay].
Tiweltin n useγli llan-t deg-sent semmus (5):
1.
Ilaq: azaraf
imseγli d win ittwaseγlin ad ilin d anmarayen, s wudem ara
γ-iğen
ur nettizmir ara ad neqdec
yis-sen di sin;
2.
Ilaq ad yili
uzaraf ittuseγlin (al mansux) itturea uqbel ad d-ittusebded uzaraf
imseγli (an-nasix);
3.
Ilaq ad yili
uzaraf ittuseγlin ittusebded-ed (itturea) s ubrid n
cceε
u mačči s ubrid n tnumi neγ n tγara, neγ ma ulac azaraf ara t-iksen ur
ittunesab ara d imseγli (d en-nasix) lamaεna ad
yili d tazwara n ceε amaynut;
4.
Ilaq ad yili
uzaraf imseγli
d win ittuceεen s ubrid n
Leqran neγ s Sunna, d ayen ibγan ad d-yini belli azaraf illan di
Leqran neγ di Sunna ur ilaq ara ad ittuseγli s ubrid n laεqel
[am d ayen i γef dduklen layuy (l-iğmaε) neγ aktili (lqiyas)];
5.
Ilaq ad yili
ubrid si d-ittuceeε
uzaraf ittuseγlin d yiwen-is ak d uzaraf amseγli neγ ad t-iγleb,
γef waya:
ur nezmir ara ad nesseγli Leqran s Sunna.
Yal tikkelt mi ara d-yili useγli (en-nasx) ad t-i-d-naf
belli ittili-d i uêraz n tγevweftin n irrumsanen ittuseγlefen d tuksa n
iγilifen, u ger imedya n ussitem (aseγli) ad d-nefk:
-Inna-d
ebbi
sebanu: «ittuferred-ed fell-awen, ma
tewwe-ed
lmut yiwen deg-wen, ma iooa-d kra n cci, ilaq-as ad i wei s wayen d-iğğa
i imarrawen-is…»[Al Baqara/
180] afyir-agi aas n imusnawen iuen
γer useγli-is s ufyir n tukkest, u inna-d
Amad deg ayen icudden
γur-s belli: azaraf n uweûûi i imawlan ittuseγli;
-Awal-Is sebanu:
«wid ara imten deg-wen u ad
d-eğğen tilawin (-nsen) iwwi-d fell-asen ad sent-i-d-eğent ttewaya, u
ad sent-fken ayen si ara stumnent (ama d lmeruf neγ d llebsa)
γef teγzi n
useggas i d-iwwi ad t-sεeddint
deg uxxam (n urgaz-nsent) bla ma ttwaqecεent seg-s (sγur
walebεa)…»,
afyir-agi ibeggen-ed belli:
-Takkit n tallit n uaju n tmeut i wumi immut urgaz-is ad
tau γef teγzi n useggas s timmad;
-Iwwi-d
γef urgaz ad iwei (uqbel tamettant-is)
γef uεeggec
n tmeut-is si tukkest ara d-yeğğ;
-Tallit n uaaju n tmeut-nni ilaq ad tt-tesεeddi
deg uxxam n urgaz-is, anda ur d-iwwi ara ad tettusufeγ seg-s;
Sin akin yusa-d
uzaraf nnien d-isguccelen tallit n uaju (lεidda) s
ukuz n wayuren d mraw n wussan/ uan, d ayen ara
γ-d-ibanen deg wawal-Is
sebanu: «wid ara imten deg-wen u ad d-eğğen
tilawin-nsen, (tineggura-agi) ilaq fell-asent ad qqiment bla zwağ azal n
ukuz (4) n wayuren d mraw n wussan/ n wuan» [Al Baqara/ 234].
-Inna-d
ebbi
sebanu deg wawal-Is: «…ur ttqarribet ara taallit
u kunwi d isekanen…»[An-Nisa-e/ 43].,
afyir-agi iğewwez ssikan di lewqat ifγen
γef lewqat n tallit, sin akin
ittuseγli s ufyir nniven i iemen cab s wudem amagdaz, imi yusa-d deg
wawal-Is sebanu: «A widan
ifelsen (ut belli) cab, aawel, idumam ak d tesγar si ttkacafen d ayen
icemten u ur nemεin
mavi, (wigi) kečmen-d di lexdayem n Ccian, ihi baεdet
fell-asen…»[Al Ma-ida/ 90]
II.
Tallit n imeddukal n Umazzan:
Tbeddu
tallit-agi si tmettant n Umazzan fell-As taallit n
ebbi d slam-Is deg
useggas wis 11 n tinigt u tettkemmil akken alammi d tagara n tasut (lqarn)
amezwaru n tinigt.
Ger
teskanin n tallit-agi: ad d-nebder litsaε n wakal n uwanek (ddula)
tineslemt i d-izdin timura n: Ccam, Maer, Lεiraq,
ak d Faris, u akken nera d akken tameddurt d tγermiwin n tmura-agi d tid
imgaraden, d ayen d-iglan s ubini n waas n temsal timaynutin deg annar n
tusna n ddin (lfiqh) iwağen aseqdec n wallaγ
(l-ijtihad),
γef waya i
sqedcen
 uaba allaγ-nsen (l-ijtihad) u sufγen-d aas n lfetwat d-ijemlen
mea timsal timaynutin.
1. Azal n
  uaba: Amiq n
uaba d win meqren, u ccan-nsen d win εlayen
ittban-aγ-d deg wayen akka ara d-nebder:
a)
Asgiwen (rriwan) n
ebbi sebanu fell-asen, imi d-inna
ebbi sebanu deg
wawal-Is: «ak d-imenza izwaren seg inigan (lmuhağirin)
ak d l-anar ak d wid
ten-iefren s tin ilhan, (wigi) isgawen (ira) Allah
fell-asen u ran fell-As…»
[At-Tawba/ 100].
b)
Tiγimit-nsen ak d Umazzan fell-As taallit n
ebbi d slam-Is d tufa-nsen
I ttebga-Is srid d tuğwa-nsen si tusna tanbiwant;
c)
Tanaga n Wucbi fell-As
taallit n
ebbi d slam-Is
γef imeddukal-Is s lehhu-nsen d tufrarint-nsen
mi d-inna (f.t.s): (imdanen ak ilhan d wid idren
di tasut (lqern)-agi-iw sin akin d wid ara ten-d-ief en). [Issawe -it i
d Muslim].
d)
Tamusni-nsen i tmenal n uubbu n Leqran d tignatin n tmenna (f.t.s) i
l-aadit-Is.
2. Tarrayt n ucaeε
di tallit-agi:
Imeddukal n
Wucbi fell-As taallit n
ebbi d slam-Is ur llin ara d wid ittwessiεen deg usrusu n
turdiwin (lfaraiyyat) d tiririt fell-asent, maca llan stekfuyen s umuddu
n tririt γef lqis n usteqsi ten-d-yusan.
Tazwara n tallit n
uaba
tella di tallit n lxilafa n Abu Bak
A-iddiq d tazwara n lxilafa n Σuma Ibnu Al Xaab fell-asen
asgiwen n
ebbi, anda i illa ugeldun n ifelsanen d netta s
timmad-is i ittmaqalen di temsal ur nesεi ara azaraf di Leqran neγ di
Sunna, u sebedden-d i lmend n wanecta yiwet n tidukla d-ijemlen iqerra n
uaba, u ttbut γef waya illa deg wayen d-issawev Al Baγawi di: Maabi
As-Sunna, anda d-inna: [ma mcaaεen wid innuγen
γer
Abu Bak, atan ad imaqel (di tazwara) deg udlis n Allah (Leqran), dγa ma yufa deg-s ayen si ara isezref yis ger-asen atan ad ikem yis, u ma illa
ur d-yufi ara deg-s kra, u ia belli Nbi fell-As taallit n
ebbi d
slam-Is illa wacu d-iğğa di temsalt-nni atan ad isezref yis, u ma illa ur
s-yufi ara ixef, atan ad d-iffeγ akken ad isteqsi inselmen, anda ara
sen-yini: yusa-y-i-d waya d waya, illa neγ ulac deg-wen win iran ma
iğğa-d Wucbi fell-As taallit d slam ka n uzaraf di temsalt icban tagi?,
amer ahat ad iddukel
ay-nsen, u mea ad d-bedren belli Amazzan fell-As taallit n
ebbi d slam-Is isezref di temsalt icban tinna, dγa ad d-yini
Abu Bak: tamuli i Allah i iεellen deg-neγ
wid ittefaen (itta afen)
γef
Nbi-nneγ, u ma ifat igumma ad s-yaf tabburt di Sunna n
Wucbi fell-As taallit n
ebbi d slam-Is atan ad d-ijmeε iqerra n imdanen d
lemxeyin-nsen, sin akin ma iddukel
ay-nsen
γef ka n temsalt atan ad
isezref-yis].
U illa Σuma itteg am wayenni, imi acki ur
yufi ara ixef i ka n temsalt di Leqran neγ di Sunna, ad imaqel ma illa ka
n uzaraf d-iğa Abu Bak di lame-agi, dγa ma yufa: atan ad isezref yis,
neγ ma ulac ad d-inced iqerra n inselmen, u ayen
i γef ara iddukel
ay-nsen ad isezref yis.
Seld (lfutuat)
t-islamiyin: u sebba n unerni d-illan di tlisa n uwanek ineslem, ferqen
uaba γef temdinin imxallafen, u yal yiwen deg-sen ittmuddu-d –(deg
umiq-is) tamuγli n usγan di temsal d-innulfan deg wannar, u ayenni igla-d
s umgarad ger imeddukal n Nbi di kra n lfetwat
γef lasab n lialat
d tγeweftin
n yal tamurt.
Amgarad d-illan ger
uaba nezmer ad t-nerr
γer
tmenal-agi:
Tamezwarut:
tilin n kra n irisen di Leqran ak d Sunna ur nesεi
ara anamek igezmen, d ayen ittellin tawwurt i umgarad deg ugzu n
irisen-agi;
Tis snat:
war tira n Sunna, daymi, izmer ad d-yawe ka n umeslay
γer yiwen si
uaba yuγ
al aeabi nnien ur isli ara yis, d ayen ara iğğen lfetwat
iqnen γer irisen n ladit ad mxallafent ger win islan s ladit d win ur
nesli ara yis;
Tis krad:
amgarad ger tγe weftin n imdanen si tmurt
γer
taye, d ayen d-iglan s
umgarad di lfetwet.
3. Ger lmuftin imucaεen
si
  u aba:
Di Lmadina Lmunawwa a:
Abu Bak A - iddiq,
Σuma Ibnu Al Xa ab, Σutman Ibnu Σaffan, Σali Ibnu Abi
 alib, Σa-ica (imma-s n ifelsanen), Zayd
Ibnu Tabit, Σabdu Allah Ibnu
Σuma Ibnu Al Xaab.
Di Mekka taheggart: Σabdu Allah Ibnu Σebbas;
Di Lkufa:
Σabdu Allah Ibnu Masεud;
Di Lbara:
Anas Ibnu Malik, Abu Musa Al Acεari;
Di Ccam:
Muεad Ibnu Ğabal, Σubada Ibnu
A-amit;
Di Maer: Σabdu Allah Ibnu Σumu Ibnu Al
Σa.
III.
Tallit n tira d
l-imamat lmuğtahidin:
Tallit-agi d
tin ibdan tazwara n tasut tis snat n tinigt, u tkemmel akken alammi d
talemmast n tasut tis ukuz n tinigt.
Tettune sab
tallit-agi si talliyin ittfeğğiğen deg uceeε di Lislam, deg-s i d-iban
umussu n tira, anda i d-tella tira n Sunna d lfetwat n
uaba d wid
ten-d-iefen d wid
ten-d-iefen, akken d-ufraren deg-s l-imamat ak d
imusnawen n ddin (lfuqaha-e) i deg reant tezmartin deg annar n lfiqh.
1.
Imeskaren n tuftint n
lfiqh ineslem di tallit-agi:
Amezwaru:
Tikci n wazal meqren i tusna ak d imusnawen sγur n lxalifat iεebbasiyen,
ad aγ-d-iban wayenni deg useqreb n lxalifat-agi i lfuqaha-e ak d imusnawen
γur-sen, u ger imedya ara d-nefk:
Lxalifa: Haun A- acid i issutren
si Abi Yusef akken ad d-issufeγ yiwen n usauf n Lislam irzan timsal n
tedrimt, dγa irra-d
i teγri-is s usufeγ n udlis-is: “Lxaağ”;
Illa daγen Lxalifa: Aba
Ğaεfa El
Menur d-itelhan d lfiqh ak d lfuqaha-e, iwwe-aγ-d fell-as d akken ibγa
ad iεell: Lmuwaa-e n l-imam Malik d asauf ara isedduyen timsal deg
uwanek-is, lamaεna l-imam Malik yugi, u inna-as: [ur
tteg ara ayenni a y ageldun n ifelsanen, imi yuγ lal b en-ten imeslayen,
u slan imeslayen, u sawen-d iwullisen (rriwayat) u yal aγref iqeddec
γef
lasab n wayen izwaren γur-es, ihi eğğ imdanen ak d wayen xtaen wid
iεemen yal tamurt seg-sen i yiman-nsen].
Wis sin:
Anerni di tlisa n uwanek ineslem i ijebden si Sbenyul allami d Cinwa,
timura-agi d-isdukel uwanek ineslem mgaradent di lialat ttidirent akken
mgaradent deg idelsan-nsent d tγermiwin-nsent, d ayen issawen
γer usrusu
n izuraf sγur lfuqaha-e di mea timsal timaynutin d ibanen deg wannar s
ubrid n lfetwat d l-iotihad, u ayenni igla-d s usmeken (ita-e) n lfiqh d
usegmu-is.
Wis krad:
Tira n Sunna i isğahden amussu n lfiqh di tallit-a, imi yal tikkelt ttuγalen
lfuqaha-e γer wayen ittwarun akken ad nadin deg-s
γef wayen sen-iεerqen
bla ma sqedcen i wayenni afud meqren, d ayen sen-isisehlen tuksa n
izarafen iddan d temsal timaynutin d-ittbanen deg wannar yal tallit.
Wis ukué:
iskusa (lmunavaat) d ittilin ger lfuqaha-e, ittunesaben d yiwet ger
timenîal n uselqi deg unadi ak d usezrew n ifukal ara issawven yal lfaqih
akken ad d-ibeggen tidett n tmuγliwin-is d
wab n leyuy-is akken ad
yiwsiε di tagara lmilal n umussu n lfiqh.
2.
Tiskanin n tallit-a:
Tamezwarut:
tira n leyuy n lfuqaha-e deg idlisen, s wakka yuγal lfiqh d win ittwarun,
u igra-d kan γef wid ara d-yasen seld-nsen
ad uγalen
γur-sen akken ad
nadin deg-sen bla ma εettben
deg unadi γef wid iefen irisen
neγ anadi
γef wid d-issawven l-aadit.
Tis snat:
abini n isekkuden d lebni n tektiwin n lmujtahidin, d ayen iğğan yal
l-imam ad isεu asekkud-is ak d inelmaden ara d-yağwen si tmusni-s, ara
d-ifen deg-s tarrayt-is u ara d-iksen si tiktiwin-is.
Tis Krad:
awanek (ddula) tineslemt ur tefrin ara i yiman-is ka n usekkud si ara
teqdec u ad teddu deg ubrid-is, lamaεna teğğa ayenni i unezzarfu d
l-ijtihad-is, u sebba n waya d akken di tallit-nni ulac asauf ittseyyifen
menγir Leqran ak d Sunna, u deg wayen ifγen sin-agi tettili-d
tuγalin
γer
unezzarfu ara isqedcen allaγ-is i tuksa n izarafen s tarrayt ifγen fell-as.
Tis ukué:
di tallit-agi illa l-ijtihad d ilelli, ur ittwaqqen ara u ur ttwamedlent
ara tewwura-s, u menγir agraw amatu
n uγref i illan ttalsen-d i lfetwat n
wid sen-d-ifettun ad d-naf belli lfuqaha-e di lawan-nni llan d tilelli i
iseddari Leqran Ahaggar, i tevwa Sunna tanbiwant i ittwellih
γer ûwab
wayen d-ittwafen γef Üûuêaba ak d wid ten-iefen.
3.
Tiγariwin
n unkaz ger lfuqaha-e:Imusnawen
illan d izmulen n tmusni fkan-d s imeslayen-nsen ak d tikli-nsen amedya
idren γef
amek d-iwwi ad s-nekk i unkaz, ger-asen ad d-nebder:
a)
ixulef
l-imam A mad
Ibnu
 ambal
Ccix-is: Ec-Cafiεi deg wa as
n temsal iεnan lfiqh, u γas
akken illa isugut-as adlil, d ayen i
γef
d-inna l-imam Amad:
[A eq
 ebbi,
ar i kradet n tmerwin (30) n iseggasen, ar ulac i
s-εeddaγ
bla ma dεiγ-as
deg-s i Ec-Cafiεi. Inna-as
mmi-s: “A baba, sliγ-akin
testuqqute
adlil i Ec-Cafiεi, d anwa-t?”, inna-as: “illa Ec-Cafiεi am yi ij
i ddunit, am tezmart I imdanen, maqel
ma ad sen-tafe
I ssin-agi ayen ara ten-iγermen?”].
b)
Inna-d
Ec-Cafiεi
γef
Amad
i illan d anelmad-is: [eğğiγ
Baγdad,
u ulac win d-essegraγ
deg-s d amaska
i wan
laεqel isεan tamusni iddan deg ubrid amaγud
am Amad
Ibnu
ambal]
c)
L-imam Amad
d win illa ifettu belli luu
ittexsa
s ufunzer d tazla n idammen, u yiwen n wass ittusteqsa: ma illa ad i all
zdeffir n win i deg d-fγen
idammen u ur Musayyib?, u
wigi fettun belli tufγa
n idammen ur tessexsa
ara luu.
d)
Ilmed Ec-Cafiεi
γef
ufus n Malik, u γas
akken ixulef-it deg aas
n temsal illa iqqar-ed fell-as: [ma ttwabderen-d imusnawen Malik ad d-iban
d itri].
IV.Tallit
n umεaned:
Tebda tallit-agi si ttna fa
n tasut tis ukuz n tinigt u tkemmel akken alammi
d tagara n tasut tis mraw d krad n tinigt.
Di
tallit-agi ekkawen ifadden n imusnawen
γef
tuksa n izuraf iceεiyen
seg iγbula-nsen
u stekfan s uεaned γer
l-imamat izrin d ayen isebsen
di tagara amussu n l-ijtihad.
1.Timenal
n ubas
n umussu n l-ijtihad:
a)
Beu
n uwanek ineslem γer
waas
n tmura ittnaγen
wa ger-asent, γef
waya i erran wid isedduyen adabu lwelha-nsen
γer
rad
u hemlen tamusni ak d imusnawen.
b)Aulfu
n imusnawen di tallit-a s tmezdart
(nnuqs) u uγalen
ur ttkilen ara γef
yiman-nsen u kukran l-ijtihad.
c)
Imusnawen di
tallit-a ttagin ayen ifγen
iγerbazen-nsen
d wayen ixulfen ayen d-nnan l-imamat-nsen, daymi, u deg ubdil i deg ara d-ssufγen
amaynut yuγal
lhemm-nsen d leqdic akken ad d-begnen
wab
n tektiwin n l-imamat d iγerbazen-nsen
γas
ma s waas
n tmayumt (taεassuf).
Di tallit-a tedder Ec-Cariεa yiwen n lbael
d ameqran sebba n lfetwat ur nei
ara i d-ssufγen
wid ur s-nessin ara i l-ifta-e, daymi i
d-iffeγ
uzaraf s wemdal n tewwurt n l-ijtihad
tagara n tasut tis ukuz n tinigt.
Γas
ma aεaned d yiwet ger teskanin d-yufraren di tallit-a, maca
llan aas
n imusnawen meqren d-ibanen, u ssawlen
γer
l-ijtihad amagdaz, u
ğğan-d igarrujen s
wazal-nsen, ger-asen: Ibnu Timiyya, Ibnu Al Qayyim ak d Ec-Cukani.
2.
Tiskanin n tallit-a:
a)
Abas
n umussu n lfiqh, d takewt n ifadden n umur ameqran n lfuqaha-e d uuqqet
n uεaned
γer
l-imamat n lfiqh izrin.
b)
Auqqet
n usmenyef ger iwullisen (rriwayat) iuen
seg wa γer
wa.
c)
Tira s
tarrayt n igzulen ittusemman (lmutun), u imi
ur tettwagzu ara sebba n tesullest (lγumu)
deg wayen ittwarun s tarrayt-a banent-ed tsefrayin (cuu)
n lmutun, sin akin iban-ed
γer
tama-s tinamdiwin (lawaci).
d) Tufrarint n
idlisen n lfetwat: deg-sen tiririyin n lfuqaha-e
γef
isteqsiyen n imdanen, am:
-Lfatawa l-Hindiyya.
-Lfatawa l-Kuba
n Ibnu
ağ
Al Haytami.
-Mağmuε
fatawa Ibnu Timiyya.
V.
Tallit n tnekra (aεawed
n tlalit) tatrart n lfiqh:
Tbeddu
tallit-a si tagara n tasut tis 13 n tinigt alammi d tallit-agi-nneγ
i deg nella:
1.
Tiskanin n tallit-a:
Tamezwarut:
lfuqaha-e di tallit-a ur ttmaqalen ara kan s ti
n isekkuden-nsen, u uγalen
ttektilin imeslayen n imusnawen n usγan
u smenyafayen ger tmuγliwin-nsen
γef lasab
n tewe
n ufakul.
Tis snat:
abini n wayen i wumi qqaren: lfiqh asnemhal (el muqarin) di
tagmi (anadi) d tezrawt, d ayen ara isifessen ailli
γef
igerrujen n lfiqh ineslem.
Tis krad:
fessu n umussu n ucereε
d usewseε si lmilal
n usengel (et-taqnin) n lfiqh ineslem, d ayen ibdan s usufeγ
n tesγunt
(lmağalla) n izarafen n tzerfant (ceε)
deg uwanek Aεutmani aseggas n 1293 n tinigt i d-yusan ak d 1876 n tlalit,
anda i d-tezdi izarafen n isekkiren n uγarim,
sin akin illa-d usewseε n usengel γer
iricen
nnien:
n tadbelt (al idariyya), amenγay
(al ğina-iyya)…
2.
Timeskani n tnekra
tatrart n l-fiqh:
a)Tira n idlisen s tuγalin
γer
isekkuden n l-fiqh imxallafen, d useqdec n tezrawin tisnemhalin ger
Ccariεa Tineslemt d usauf
d-isufeγ
umdan di tarrayin n leqraya d idlisen ittuxedmen sγur
inelmaden n uric
n leqraya εlayen i si keffun amecwa-nsen
n leqraya, u aya deg aas
n tseddawiyin ak d iγiwan
(lkulliyyat).
b)Asebded n temgarwa n l-fiqh
ineslem, s-tessebded tsaγent
n umaal
ineslem di Mekka i usezrew n temsal timaynutin iεnan inselmen.
c)Asbeddi n temgarwa n igamayen
islamiyen di l-Azha
Ac-Carif γef
lasab
n wayen d-yusan deg usavuf wis 103 n useggas n 1961 n tlalit, u ger wayen
si d-icγel:
asengel n l-fiqh ineslem s meôôa isekkuden-is d usufeγ
n igamayen n l-fiqh imxallafen.
d)Aselkem n isenfaen
n tikusniwin (lmawsuεat) n l-fiqh, am:
-Asenfa
n takusna n l-fiqh ineslem, deg uγiwan
n Ccariεa, taseddawit n Dimacq;
-Asenfa
n usqamu unnig n temsal t-islamiyin di Lqahira;
-Asenfa
n tidukla n tezrawin t-islamiyin di Lqahira;
-Asenfa
n tkusna n l-fiqh ineslem i d-thegga tneγlaft
n l-ubus
d temsal t-islamiyin di Lkuwayt.
e)Aheggi n temliliyin i usezrew n
waas
n temsal imxallafen, amtemliliyin n uzegen
ineslem d-ittilin yal aseggas di Lezzayer.
f)Asengel n l-fiqh
ineslem:
simal iteddu
wakud γer
zdat, simal tettban-ed yid-es tmara
γer
usengel n l-fiqh ineslem i usishel n tifin n uzaraf mewuğen,
γef
waya, u γer
tagara n tasut tis 13 n tinigt tesbedded-ed lxilafa Taεutmanit yiwet n
tesqamutt n imusnawen i usengel n izarafen n isekkiren
γef
lasab
n wayen d-yusan deg usekkud Aanafi.
Tebda
tesqamutt-agi leqdic-is aseggas n 1285 n tinigt d-izgan ak d 1869 n
tlalit, u tekfa-t aseggas n 1293 n tinigt/ 1876 n tlalit, u fkan i
ungal-nni isem n: Mağallat
Al Akam
Al Σadliyya, sin akin isufeγ-ed
Uwanek Aεutmani aseggas n 1336 n tinigt/ 1917 n tlalit: (asauf
n twacult), sin akin fγen-d
aas
n isuaf
d-yusan d asengel i l-fiqh ineslem, ger-asen ayen akka d-iteddun:
♦ Di Maer:
Isuaf
n waddad n uγarim:
1.Asauf
d-immeslayen γef
kra n temsal icudden γer
uεeggec, lεedda, win iεarqen...uun
25/ 1920 n tlalit;
2.Asauf
d-iwwin ameslay γef
kra n temsal icudden γer:
berru, tuččit,
aεeggec..., uun
25/ 1929 n tlalit;
3.Asauf
n tukkest, uun
77/ 1943 n tlalit;
4.Asauf
n ttewaya,
uun
71/ 1946 n tlalit;
5.Asauf
n l-ubus,
uun
48/ 1946 n tlalit;
6.Asauf
n useddu n cci, uun
180/ 1952 n tlalit.
♦U ihegga
Muammad
Qadri Baca aîas n isenfaren n isuvaf,ger-asen:
1.Adlis:
Mucid
Al ayan
ila Maεrufat aêwal al insan fi al Muεamalat ac-caεiyya;
2.Adlis:
Al Aêkam ac-caεiyya
fi al aêwal ac-caxûiyya;
3.Qanun
al εadl wa al inûaf li alQava-e εala muckilat al awqaf.
♦U ger
wayen d-ihegga l-Azhaô Ac-Carif:
1.ukué
n taggayin deg isekkiren n uγarim
d-ittwaksen si ukué n isekkuden;
2.Asenfa
n usavuf n tarrutin ticaεiyin.
♦Ma d
tiseqquma tifukkestin d-isbedded: Üufi Abu Ïaleb (aselway n zik n usqamu aγerfan
n Maûer) heggant-ed isenfaôen-agi:
1.Asenfa
n usauf
n isekkiren n uγarim
(1044 n imagraden);
2.Asenfa
n usauf
n unza (tamatart) (182 n imagraden);
3.Asenfa
n usauf
n ucaeε
(512 n imagraden);
4.Asenfa
n usauf
n tefgurt (635 n imagraden);
5.Asenfa
n usauf
n tnezzut (776 n imagraden);
6.Asenfa
n usauf
n tnezzut n tegriwa (443 n imagraden).
♦Di
Es-Sudan: fγen-d
aas
n isuaf,
ger-sen:
1.Asauf
n tefgurin;
2.Asauf
n tsekkirin n imenγayen;
3.Asauf
n tsekkirin n uγarim;
4.Asauf
n unza.
♦Di tigduda
n Lyaman taεabt:
fγen-d
aas
n isuaf,
ger-asen:
1.Asauf
irzan anza aceεi,
uun
90/ n 1979 n tlalit;
2.Adlis
amezwaru d wis sin deg usauf
n uγarim,
uun
10 n useggas n 1979 n tlalit, d uun
11 n useggas n 1979 n tlalit;
3.Asauf
iεnan aseddu n umasten n ubugau
s umeslay zdat n uxxam n ceε,
uun
42/ n 1981 n tlalit.
♦Asufeγ
n waîas n isuvaf deg wayen iεnan
addad aγarim,
ger-asen:
1.Asauf
n izerfan n twacult n l-Udun,
uun
92/ 1951 n tlalit;
2.Asauf
n wadad aγarim
n Surya, uun
59/ 1953 n tlalit;
3.Tasγunt
n waddad aγarim
n Tunes d-ifγen
di 13/ 08/ 1956 n tlalit;
4.Angal n waddad
aγarim
n Mauk
d-ifγen
di 06/ 12/ 1957 n tlalit;
5.Asauf
n waddad Aεiraqi, uun
188/ 1959 n tlalit;
6. Asauf
n twacult tazdayrit, uun
11- 84/ 09- 06- 1984 n tlalit.
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